Informatics Publishing Limited

G. Lakshmana ¹, V. Chitra ², D. Rajesh Kumar ¹, P. Dayakar Reddy ¹, R. Srinivasan ³, G. Rajeswari Devi ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narsaraopet, Guntur (DT), Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, S.R.M. College of Pharmacy, Kattakulathur, Tamilnadu, IN
3 Siddhartha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Narsaraopet, Guntur (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Biotechnology, Narsaraopet, Guntur(DT), Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

The present work is carried out to study the effect of Asystasia gangetica T. Adams (Acanthaceae) on blood glucose levels and antioxidant enzymes levels in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p) induced diabetic rats were treated with Asystasia gangetica leaf methanolic and n-hexane extract for 21 days. Glucose level was measured in blood serum and antioxidant enzymes levels viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidase (LPO) were measured in liver homogenate solution, methanolic and n-hexane extract of leaf of Asystasia gangetica T. Adams significantly (P<0.01) lowered the Alloxan induced hyperglycemia. It also produced a significant (P<0.01) decrease in peroxidation product viz. MDA in liver homogenate solution. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT were found to be increased in the liver homogenate solution of diabetic animals treated with the Asystasia gangetica T. Adams leaf extract. This confirms the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of Asystasia gangetica T. Adams in Alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Keywords

Asystasia gangetica T. Adams, Alloxan, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Lipid Peroxidase (LPO).

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K. Akshaya ¹, V. Chitra ¹

Affiliations
1 Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, Kattankulathur - 603203, IN

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent and non-specific sickness appeared typically within the rectum and therefore the entire colon, associated with abnormality of tissue layer towards the resident microorganisms along genital and environmental aspect. Typically presents with bloody diarrhea and is diagnosed by endoscopy and histological findings. Many varieties of medicines are tried to treat tenderness and decrease symptoms. The main aim of management is to induce and maintain remission outlined as resolution of manifestation and scrutiny healing. Herbal drugs add a good vary of remedy compared to western drugs. Though herbal medicines don’t seem to be void of risk, and secure than synthetic drugs. The possible benefits of herbal drugs might exist their huge approval by population owing to its effectiveness, safeness and comparatively lower price. People world wide embraced natural drugs which has been tested in many clinical trials. The evidences on herbal drugs are deficient, complicated and positively related to each risks and benefits there’s a necessity for any controlled clinical trials of the possible effectualness of herbal drugs approaches within the treatment of UC to expand their quality and safety.

Keywords

Herbal Drugs, Tenderness, Remedy, Symptoms, Histological Findings, Ulcerative Colitis.

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Prerna Dubey ¹, M. Sumithra ¹, V. Chitra ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) termed as chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract distinct by episodes of reversion and decline. The two identified subtypes of the disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease which differ in forms of clinical presentation. Environmental factors, including infections, diet, lifestyle factors, medication use have contributed to alterations in the global prevalence of the disease. Although the exact pathogenesis of IBD remains unknown, part of the underlying mechanism is a deregulated host immune response to intestinal flora, in genetically vulnerable Beings. The incidence of IBD is persistently rising in other earlier low incidence areas, such as Asia and the developing world. The annual frequency of CD is highest in North America (20.2 per 100,000, per person-years); whereas the annual occurrence of UC is highest in Europe (24.3 per 100,000 per person-years) Environmental risk factors of IBD is smoking, air water pollution, vitamin D, dietary, NSAID, stress. The newly described Th17 cells are also involved in the gut inflammatory answer in IBD. To understand the pathogenesis of IBD alternative model has been used such as zebrafish, c. elegans, Drosophila. The novel treatment of IBD such as vedolizumab, Etrolizumab, agents targeting specific pathways in IBD, but unfortunately possess life-threatening adverse effect and globally increased cost. This review also focuses on the favourable results from the use of herbal products in the treatment of IBD.

Keywords

Ulcerative, Colitis, Crohn’s, Antioxidant, Vedolizumab, Pathogenesis.

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S. Dhinakaran ¹, T. Tamilanban ¹, V. Chitra ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institution of Science and Technology, Kattangulathur – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

AD is predominant of causing mortality across the world. Various type of hallmarks has been exploring in this disease, like aggregates of β-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, dyshomeostasis of biometals, oxidative stress, reduction in Ach, etc. There is no test to diagnose AD and it not simple. The majority of putative disease-modifying treatments in development for Alzheimer's disease directed against the amyloid-β (A β) peptide. AD allowed for the development of the first generation of therapies that are somewhat specific for this disorder. Acetylcholine esterase, β-secretase, tau protein and NMDA are the essential targets involves in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. AChE inhibitors and NMDA blockade have proven that higher efficacy levels in AD and many authors considering that as "symptomatic" treatments.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s Diseases, β-Amyloid, Acetylcholine, A Cholinesterase Inhibitor, NMDA.

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Y. Anil Kumar ¹, V. Chitra ¹

Affiliations
1 SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Chennai – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize the prospects of combinatorial approach involving immunogenic cell death induction and immunosuppressive adenosine A2A receptor pathway inhibition in enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Majority of chemotherapeutic agents can elicit antitumor immunity and modulate the composition, density, function, and distribution of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), to influence differential therapeutic responses and prognosis in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the clinical success of these agents not only dependents on their cytotoxic activity but also by the enhancement of pre-existing immunity. Over expression of CD39 or CD73 enzymes has been implicated in limiting the ICD caused by chemotherapeutic agents like anthracyclines and oxaliplatin. Conversion of ATP released by chemotherapeutic drugs into adenosine dampens its capacity to attract antigen presenting cells including Dendritic Cells (DC) into the proximity of dying and dead cells. In addition, released adenosine exits potent immunosuppressive activities on different immune cells through A2A receptors in the TME and contributes to the resistance against chemotherapy. Resistance either intrinsic or acquired is the major hurdle for most of the therapeutic interventions. In order to enhance immunogenic cell death by chemotherapeutic agents, it has become clear that blockade of adenosine production or its signaling need to be specifically targeted as they represent highly resistant mechanisms. Given the prominent role of adenosine mediated immune suppression and resistance to ICD induction in TME, combination strategies that involve ICD induction and adenosine signaling blockade are further warranted.

Keywords

A2A Receptor, Adenosine, Anti-Tumor Immune Response, Cancer Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Immunogenic Cell Death.

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Vara Prasad Saka ¹, V. Chitra ², N. Damodharan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department Of Pharmaceutics, Srm College Of Pharmacy, Srmist, Kattankulathur, Chennai – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department Of Pharmacology, Srm College Of Pharmacy, Srmist, Kattankulathur, Chennai – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Excessive usage of gadgets Emitting Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), especially smartphones, by people of all age groups, and so forth chronic exposure to the radiation, were indeed sounding the alarm about a multitude of health risks. The nervous system was significantly affected, altering the brain and behavior of people and animals. Many preclinical experimental studies have been performed to uncover the pathways that lead to injury, but the results have been contradictory. A strategic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2011 and 2020, using electronic databases such as PubMed and Science Direct. Based on predefined criteria, studies were identified for study and assessed individually. All of the included studies were assessed for the risk of bias, and no study was found to be free of bias. In preclinical research, heterogenicity was detected in the exposure settings (EMF-RF type, MW, pulsed, SAR value, and length of exposure) after a thorough assessment of the studies included. Exposure to mobile phone radiation can produce oxidative stress, which can lead to the activation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways if not reversed in time. The available scientific literature is insufficient to draw particular conclusions, but the possibility of harmful impacts cannot be ruled out, according to the authors. There is a great need to restrict extensive investigations and instead conduct a systematic and complete blinded study with significant reproducibility and long-term research. This review intended to explain the potential mechanisms and risks associated with mobile phone radiation exposure.

Keywords

Apoptosis, Electromagnetic Radiation, Mobile Phone, Neurobehaviour, Oxidative Stress.

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Prerna Dubey ¹, Rukaiah Fatma Begum ², V. Chitra ², R. Mrinalini ², Harini Gunasekaran ³, M. Sumithra ²

Affiliations
1 QVIA RDS (India) Private Limited, Bangalore – 560103, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu – 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Labcorp Scientific Services and Solutions Private Limited, Mumbai – 400093, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

The pharmacological healing for inflammatory bowel diseases continues to be uncertain and requires immediate therapeutic interventions. A poly-herbal formulation obtained from a traditional and authentic classic text of Ayurveda was assessed for its effect against IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) in this study. The formulated poly-herbal suspension comprises three different drugs namely, Burma dhaniya (Eryngium foetidum), Sapota (Manilkara zapota), and Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii). The formulated suspension was evaluated for certain standard parameters like organoleptic and accelerated stability studies at various temperatures. It was checked for its efficacy by oral route in acetic acid-induced colitis affected Balb/c mice. Mice were orally administered with formulated suspension (275 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg,), every 24 hours for 10 days. Histopathology, macroscopic damage score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and red blood cell parameters were evaluated after treatment. Reduction in the MPO activity, decrease in the macroscopic damage scores, and an increase in RBC cell count were seen distinctly at a high dose of 550 mg/Kg. The results obtained, established the effectiveness of the poly-herbal suspension against inflammatory bowel disease by treating the mice from acetic acid-induced colitis by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage to the colon. The maximum therapeutic effective activity was found to be 550 mg/kg for IBD mice.

Keywords

Acetic Acid, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Myeloperoxidase, Polyherbal Suspension, Ulcerative Colitis.

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Precious Derera ¹, M. Sumithra ², V. Chitra ², R. Mrinalini ², Rukaiah Fatma Begum ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy, Harare Institute of Technology, Harare - BE 277, ZW
2 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur - 603203, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The valued studies of alternative psoriasis treatment options are in a much higher need among the Scientific Community. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of ursolic acid cream in imiquimod-induced psoriasis in BALB/c mice. The creams containing ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid at percentages of 0.1 and 0.2% were formulated. The pH, spreadability, physical characteristics and acute dermal irritation of the cream were assessed. Animals were grouped into five each having 6 animals. Clobetasol, a topical corticosteroid, was used as the standard. One group was used as control and four groups were treated with the formulated imiquimod cream while receiving treatment. Parameters such as skin inflammation severity, ear thickness, plasma level of interleukins (IL)-17, histology of the back of the skin and spleen weight were evaluated. Erythema and scales were scored on a daily basis with the 0.1 and 0.2% ursolic acid cream significantly ameliorating psoriatic-like symptoms in a manner comparable to clobetasol. Imiquimod-induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation were inhibited by topical application of ursolic acid as shown by the results of histopathology. Spleens of the positive control group were larger in comparison with the rest of the groups. BALB/c mice treated with ursolic acid creams exhibited a decrease in the plasma levels of cytokines IL-17 when compared to the positive control group. The result of this study provided an insight that topical application of ursolic acid can be a potential treatment for psoriasis.

Keywords

Imiquimod, Inflammation, Interleukin-17, Psoriasis, Ursolic Acid

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